I need answer of some questions about research method with explenation 7. Which

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I need answer of some questions about research method with explenation
7. Which of the following are TWO factors affecting external validity in randomized control trials?
A: Selection of subjects
B: Inability to attribute the intervention to the observed difference
C: Relevance and similarity to clinical outcomes D: Systematic and random error
8. Clinical pharmacokinetic studies are restricted to what type of blinding?
A: Open label B: Single
C: Double
D: Triple
9. What can be done to address limitations in a pre-post design when studying the impact of an intervention on patient outcomes?
A: Add participants
B: Add more independent variables
C: Decrease sample size
D: Add more time measurements before and/or after the intervention
10. A community health organization in Philadelphia wants to determine the prevalence of fentanyl/xylazine in drug overdose cases seen by area Hospital Emergency Departments in the summer of 2023. What type of study designshould be used given this information?
A: Cross-sectional B: Case-Contro
C: Cohort
D: Ecological
11. In an adaptive trial evaluating a new cardiovascular drug, interim analysis reveals that the drug is significantly more effective in a specific patient subgroup. Which of the following adaptations is most likely to beimplemented?
A: Increasing the sample size overall
B: Dropping the subgroup that is not responding to the drug
C: Modifying the inclusion/exclusion criteria to focus on the responsive subgroup
D: Altering the randomization scheme to allocate more patients to the placebo group E: Changing the primary endpoint to a less stringent outcome
11. In a clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of a new therapy for depression, a group of therapists is assigned to treat patients using the new therapy, while another group of therapists uses traditional therapy methods. Theresearchers conducting the trial inadvertently share their enthusiasm for the new therapy with the therapists in the experimental group, believing it will be more effective. As a result, the therapists in the experimental group may unintentionally convey this enthusiasm to their patients and influence the trial’s outcomes. What psychological phenomenon is at play in this scenario?
A: Hawthorne effect
B: Observer-expectancy effect
C: Artificial scenario effect
D: Ecological fallacy
12. A recent clinical study examined the impact of second-generation antipsychotics on individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia with heart disease. Researchers analyzed data from 219 patients with heart disease and 230patients without heart disease. Patients in groups were prescribed Risperdal® or Abilify® over the time of interest. Assessments were made before beginning the medications and 2 years later. By comparing medication exposure between the groups, the study aimed to identify potential associations between antipsychotic use and the development of heart disease. What type of study design was used for this study?
A: Cross-sectional
B: Case-Control C: Cohort
D: Parallel RCT
E: Ecological
13. In a research study, pharmacists investigated the effects of a known treatment for biliary cirrhosis, Actigall®, on slowing of liver damage. Cirrhosis patients receiving Actigall® (1497) were followed for 6 months, while patientsin the control group (1354) were followed for 4 months. In the group receiving Actigall®, 764 patients experienced slowing of liver damage, while only 89 experienced slowing of liver damage in the control group. How much more/less likely is liver damage to progress when taking Actigall® compared to controls?
A: Patients who receivedActigall® were approximately 0.7X more likelyto experience slowingof liver damagedue to cirrhosis than patients who did not receive the drug.
B: Patients who receivedActigall® were approximately 5X more likelyto experience slowingof liver damagedue to cirrhosis than patients who did not receive the drug.
C: Patients who receivedActigall® were approximately 8X more likely to experience slowing of liver damage due to cirrhosis than patients who did not receive the drug.
D: Patients who receivedActigall® were approximately 0.2X more likelyto experience slowingof liver damagedue to cirrhosis than patients who did not receive the drug.
14. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of Psychotroplin, an effective adjuvant for cognitive dysfunction, in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia over a two-year period. 2459 patients were administeredPsychotroplin and 232 experienced adverse side effects associated with the medication. In the placebo control group, 162 of 2684 patients experienced similar adverse effects. What is the absolute difference in risk for adverse side effects between the two groups?
A: The risk of adverse side effects associated with Psychotroplin is 3.4% greater than the control group
B:The risk of adverse side effects associated with Psychotroplin is 1.4% greaterthan the controlgroup. C: The risk of adverse side effects associated with Psychotroplin is 15.4% greaterthan the controlgroup.
D: The risk of adverse side effects associated with Psychotroplin is 2.1% greater than the control group.
15. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of Psychotroplin, an effective adjuvant for cognitive dysfunction, in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia over a two-year period. 2459 patients were administeredPsychotroplin and 232 experienced adverse side effects associated with the medication. In the placebo control group, 162 of 2684 patients experienced similar adverse effects. Which of the following statements is true regarding the number needed to harm (NNH) with regard to adverse side effects between the groups?
A: For every ~30 patients treatedwith Psychotroplin, one additional patientwould be expectedto experience an adverse effect compared to the control group.
B: For every ~25 patients treatedwith Psychotroplin, one additional patientwould be expectedto experience an adverse effect compared to the control group.
C: For every ~6 patients treatedwith Psychotroplin, one additional patientwould be expectedto experience an adverse effect compared to the control group.
D: For every ~70 patientstreated with Psychotroplin, one additional patientwould be expectedto experience an adverse effect compared to the control group.
16. A researcher is conducting a study to investigate the effects of a new antihypertensive medication on blood pressure control in patients with hypertension. The study involves three groups of patients: Group A receives astandard dose of the new medication, Group B receives a higher dose of the new medication, and Group C receives a placebo. Blood pressure measurements are taken at baseline, after one month, and after three months of treatment. Which of the following is/are the independent variable(s)?
A: Time
B: Medication dosage
C: Blood pressure
D: Medication adherence

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